托福备考 | 托福考试之建筑学
托福备考 | 托福考试之建筑学
建筑学，从广义上来说，是研究建筑及其环境的学科。建筑学是一门横跨工程技术和人文艺术的学科。建筑学所涉及的建筑艺术和建筑技术、以及作为实用艺术的建筑艺术所包括的美学的一面和实用的一面，它们虽有明确的不同但又密切联系，并且其分量随具体情况和建筑物的不同而大不相同。而我们国内传统教学大环境中涉及到建筑学的学习相对较少，拥有建筑学背景的学生并不多，这就让建筑类的考题变得更加的困难了。那我们今天就来了解一下托福建筑学中那些有特色的建筑风格以及代表性的建筑吧。
零排放建筑
Net zero buildings（NZB）
零能耗建筑(ZEB)，也被称为NZE建筑，或ZNE建筑，是指净能耗为零的建筑，意思是建筑物每年使用的总能源量等于场地上产生的可再生能源量。在其他定义中，场地外使用的可再生能源，如热泵、高效窗户和隔热材料、太阳能板等技术，其目的是在运行过程中，这些建筑比类似的建筑排放的温室气体更少。
A Zero Energy Building (ZEB), also known as a Net Zero Energy (NZE) building, or a Zero Net Energy (ZNE) building, is a building with net zero energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site or in other definitions by renewable energy sources off-site, using technology such as heat pumps, high efficiency windows and insulation, and solar panels.The goal is that these buildings contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere during operations than similar non-ZNE buildings.
代表性建筑：
01
珠江城大厦
Pearl river tower
珠江城大厦楼高71层，位于中国广州，是成功建成的新一代净零能源办公大楼之一。Skidmore Owings Merrill LLP是该塔的总设计师，其设计理念是每年产生相同数量的能源，同时遵循者在减少、吸收、回收和发电四个步骤中达到净零的目标。珠江城大厦虽然最初计划包括用于发电的天然气微型涡轮机，但是由于当地法规，将光伏板集成到玻璃屋顶和遮阳百叶窗中，并选择了战术建筑设计与VAWT的发电相结合。
One of the new generation net-zero energy office buildings successfully constructed is the 71-story Pearl River Tower located in Guangzhou, China. Designed by Skidmore Owings Merrill LLP, the tower was designed with the idea that the building would generate the same amount of energy used on an annual basis while also following the four steps to net zero energy: reduction, absorption, reclamation, and generation. While initial plans for the Pearl River Tower included natural gas-fired microturbines used for generation electricity, photovoltaic panels integrated into the glazed roof and shading louvers and tactical building design in combination with the VAWT's electricity generation were chosen instead due to local regulations.
02
The EcoTerra 住宅
The EcoTerra 住宅建于2007年11月，是加拿大首个净零能耗住宅。该住宅试图结合节能建筑技术和可再生能源系统，以达到加拿大的能源效率指南。
The EcoTerra house was built in November 2007 and represented Canada’s first net zero-energy home. The house was an attempt to combine energy-efficient construction techniques and renewable energy systems to achieve Canada’s energy efficient guide.
EcoTerra住宅的集成光伏系统因为可以同时产生热能和电能，所以与独立光伏阵列或太阳能集热器相比，有更大的优势。这种设计集成到了一个完整的屋顶的建筑和功能中。
The EcoTerra house integrated photovoltaic systems have a great advantage compared to stand-alone PV arrays or solar thermal collectors because they generate both thermal and electrical energy simultaneously while being architecturally and functionally integrated into the design of the roof in one complete surface.
当空气穿过屋顶拱底的入口进入PV板后面的空腔时， 通风器从PV中回收热量。因此，当它从屋顶屋脊的管道被引入房子的下部时，它就被预热了。
The heat is being recovered from the PV with a ventilator that forces fresh air to go through the inlets located in the roof soffits and to enter the cavity created behind the PV panels. While flowing in the cavity, the air takes back the heat from the PV. Thus, it is preheated when it is drawn into the lower portion of the house from the roof ridge ducted.
在EcoTerra住宅中，当BIPV/T出口处的空气温度大于15̊C时，从PV中回收的热量主要用于烘干衣服。如果BIPV/T出口处的空气温度不够高，无法烘干衣服，则利用热风通过室内安装的空气-水热交换器对水进行预热。如果出口空气温度不足够高做到以上情况, 热空气将会被送到地下室铺的混凝土板，在白天储存热量在晚上释放。
In the EcoTerra house, the air recovered from the PV is primarily used for drying clothes whenever the air temperature at the BIPV/T outlet is greater than 15 ̊C. If the air temperature at the BIPV/T outlet is not high enough for clothes drying, the hot air is used for preheating water through an air-to-water heat exchanger installed in the house. In the case where the outlet air temperature is not sufficiently high to be applied for neither of the two applications mentioned above, the air is sent to the basement under-floor for thermal mass heating where the concrete slab will store the heat at the daytime and release it at night.
联邦式建筑
Federal-style architecture
联邦式建筑是在1780-1830年间（特别是1785-1815年间新建的美国古典建筑的名称。它的发展很大程度上基于安德烈亚·帕拉第奥的作品，并对托马斯·杰斐逊和他的同时代人的帕拉第奥建筑进行了一些创新。这种风格与其所处的时代同名。白宫就是其中最典型的例子。
Federal-style architecture is the name for the classicizing architecture built in the newly founded United States between c. 1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815, which was heavily based on the works of Andrea Palladio with several innovations on Palladian architecture by Thomas Jefferson and his contemporaries first for Jefferson's Monticello estate and followed by many examples in government building throughout the United States. An excellent example of this is the White House. This style shares its name with its era, the Federalist Era.
代表性建筑：
01
白宫
The white house
白宫是美国总统的官方住所和工作场所。它位于华盛顿特区宾夕法尼亚大道西北1600号，自1800年约翰·亚当斯以来一直是历届美国总统的住所。“白宫”一词经常被用作总统和他们的顾问的转喻。
The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term "White House" is often used as a metonym for the president and their advisers.
该住宅由爱尔兰建筑师詹姆斯·霍本设计，采用新古典主义风格。霍本以都柏林的伦斯特大厦为模型设计了这座建筑，而今天的爱尔兰立法机构爱尔兰的国家议会就坐落于此。建造于1792年至1800年间，使用了白色的砂岩。
The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style. Hoban modelled the building on Leinster House in Dublin, a building which today houses the Oireachtas, the Irish legislature. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using sandstone painted white.
学院派建筑
Beaux-Arts architecture
学院派建筑是（19世纪30年代到19世纪末）在巴黎美术学院教授的学术建筑风格。它借鉴了法国新古典主义的原则，融合了文艺复兴和巴洛克元素，并使用了现代材料，如铁和玻璃。直到19世纪末，它在法国都是一种重要的风格。
Beaux-Arts architecture was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism, but also incorporated Renaissance and Baroque elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass. It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century.
代表性建筑：
01
皇家博物馆
The Royal Museum for Central Africa
中非皇家博物馆或RMCA，也被正式称为非洲博物馆，位于比利时弗拉芒布拉班特特沃伦，是一个民族志和自然历史博物馆。它的建造是为了在1897年的国际博览会上展示利奥波德二世的刚果自由国。该博物馆的重点是刚果。然而，研究范围延伸到整个刚果河流域、中非、东非和西非，试图将“非洲”整合为一个整体。它最初的目的是作为一个殖民博物馆，从1960年开始，它更多地关注民族志和人类学。
The Royal Museum for Central Africa or RMCA, also officially known as the Africa Museum, is an ethnography and natural history museum situated in Tervuren in Flemish Brabant, Belgium. It was built to showcase King Leopold II's Congo Free State in the International Exposition of 1897. The museum focuses on the Congo. The sphere of interest, however, extends to the whole Congo River basin, Middle Africa, East Africa, and West Africa, attempting to integrate "Africa" as a whole. Intended originally as a colonial museum, from 1960 onwards it has focused more on ethnography and anthropology.
02
拉肯宫
The Palace of Laeken
拉肯宫是比利时国王和王室的官邸。它位于布鲁塞尔地区，布鲁塞尔市的市中心。它坐落在一个叫做拉肯皇家领地的大公园里，这是禁止对公众开放的。它最初被命名为舍农伯格城堡，通常被称为皇家宫殿。
The Palace of Laeken is the official residence of the King of the Belgians and the royal family. It lies in the Brussels region, the city center in the municipality of the City of Brussels. It sits in a large park called the Royal Domain of Laeken, which is off-limits to the public. It was originally named the Castle of Schonenberg and is often referred to as the Royal Palace.
03
圣日内维耶图书馆
Sainte-Geneviève Library
圣日内维耶图书馆是一所公立大学图书馆，位于巴黎第五区先贤祠广场对面的杜万神殿10号。图书馆的前身是圣吉纳维耶夫修道院，该修道院是在6世纪由法兰克国王克洛维斯一世建立的。该图书馆的藏书在法国大革命期间免于毁灭。藏有约200万份文件。其屋顶由创新的铁框架支撑，目前是巴黎大学各分校的主要校际图书馆，也向公众开放。
Sainte-Geneviève Library is a public and university library located at 10, place du Panthéon, across the square from the Panthéon, in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. It is based on the collection of the Abbey of St Genevieve, which was founded in the 6th century by Clovis I, the King of the Franks. The collection of the library was saved from destruction during the French Revolution. A new reading room for the library, with an innovative iron frame supporting the roof. The library contains around 2 million documents, and currently is the principal inter-university library for the different branches of University of Paris, and is also open to the public.
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