5.17托福考试揭秘：如何应对新反押题策略
时隔半个多月的托福考试，还是熟悉的配方，很多才考过不久的原题再次混搭出现。但是，还是要告诉托福考生——与其赌运气，押原题，还是要踏实提高听说读写硬实力，毕竟，虽然每场考试都有托福原题，但整体的考试难度依然“在线”，且屡有刷新，因此，只有扎实的托福内功才能让考生应对“万变”！
1.阅读 Reading
1. Chimpanzee Communication
由于人类无法完全理解动物的交流信号，所有通过教授动物通过手语或代表特定单词的符号来进行交流。有科学家教会黑猩猩通过美国手语和人类交流，在一项实验中，黑猩猩可以使用手语告知人们一些他们不知道的事情，这表明了黑猩猩的手语是自发的，带有真正交流的意图。
2. Agriculture and the classic Maya Collapse
玛雅文明的崩溃是考古学上最大的问题之一，随着不断研究，其原因被认为是入侵、环境因素、社会动荡等多种因素。在对于玛雅农业的研究中，考古学家认为气候变化、环境退化、土壤肥力下降等原因造成了玛雅农业的崩溃。
3. Early iron Metallurgy
冶金具有非常悠久的历史，早期集中在金、银、铜等金属冶炼，大约公元前1200年，铁的冶炼开始出现。铁的出现和普及对社会结构产生了重大影响。中国冶铁发展表现出欧洲不同的路径。
4. Mahogany Furniture
位于中美洲附近加勒比海岛屿上的红木，由于其持久性和美观，从18世纪中叶开始受到人们的青睐。文章讲解了红木的生长及其伐木方式。
5. Forming the Building Blocks of Life
氨基酸在早期地球生命形成中扮演了重要角色。紫外线和闪电可能是促成氨基酸自然合成的两种环境因素，它们能够将水、氨和碳氢化合物中的原子重新组合为氨基酸。
6. Woodblock Prints
版画是一种通过在物体表面雕刻、上墨后进行批量印刷的艺术形式，便于运输、管理和近距离观看。尽管很少有艺术家因版画成名，但它比传统雕塑更具创作自由。相比其他艺术形式，版画可能不够正式或宏大，但更易让观众产生亲近感。
7. Egyptian Sculpture
古埃及雕塑以宗教功能为核心，常用于陵墓、神庙与祭祀场所。艺术家精细雕刻法老与神灵形象，体现其神圣地位。
以上回忆可能有偏差，仅供参考，欢迎大家补充~
2.听力
Listening
C1
学生计划在秋季去巴黎进行交换学习，但是与同时段开设的美国文学课程产生冲突，而且该课程的暑期班也已经满员，因此，学术顾问建议她在巴黎修一门等效课程，学生虽然觉得奇怪，但最终仍然决定在巴黎寻找合适课程。
C2
学生因为对小麦过敏，提出想要更换餐饮。工作人员告知食堂有提供无小麦食物，红色标签是小麦相关食物，黄色标签是纯素食，满足需求。
C3
学生和教授讨论天文学话题，提到了技术发展对望远镜、乃至宇宙认识的影响和改变。学生对望远镜的工作原理和用途感兴趣，教授建议学生选修相关课程。
C4
学生选修体育课，对排球感兴趣，但是担心时间问题和课程压力。老师介绍了训练安排，并表明体育课对学生的好处，学生决定加入排球队。
C5
学生和老师讨论一位意大利画家的艺术发展历程，老师表示地理和文化环境的变化对画家的画风和主题产生了影响。
L1 植物学
探讨了植物如何通过多种繁殖策略来适应环境，确保后代延续。
L2 艺术
介绍拼布艺术从实用性向视觉艺术的转变发展。
L3 音乐
20世纪初，有作曲家开始探索新的音乐表现形式，形成了前卫音乐流派，但这种流派风格难以被人们理解。文章着重介绍了代表人物约翰·凯奇及其名作。
L4 考古学
地质考古学家通过研究美洲遗址土堆及石珠，揭示了早期猎人采集者的生活。
L5 生物学
介绍了动物如何通过体型变化应对环境变化。
L6 心理学
讲解了睡眠对transitive cognition的影响。
以上回忆可能有偏差，仅供参考，欢迎大家补充~
3.口语
Speaking
Task 1
第一套
Some students like to review their notes regularly on a daily basis, while others like to review their notes just before the test. Which do you prefer?
有人喜欢每天抽时间看笔记复习，有人喜欢考试前再复习，你更倾向哪种方法？
第二套
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement——Students should have a one-year vacation before they attend universities.
你是否同意上大学前，学生有一年假期？
第三套
When a new technological device becomes available, some people will buy it right away, while others will wait until many people have acquired it. Which way do you prefer?
当新科技产品上市，有人喜欢第一时间购买，有人则是等其他人买了之后再买，你倾向哪种呢？
Task 2
第一套
学期末课程的考核方式从考试变为在课程结束后的一周内完成一篇论文。
听力观点：
学生不同意。
1. 高年级学生写论文可以拓展知识面，但是对于低年级学生来说，还是需要打好课程基础，而不是写论文；
2. 相较考试，完成论文的工作量更大，反而会给学生带来更大的学习压力。
Task 3
第一套 - 共生关系
植物与其他生物之间，在特定条件下形成的依赖互惠关系。一旦这种条件发生变化，这种关系也会发生变化，其中一方甚至会对另外一方造成伤害。
第二套 - Costly Signal
Task 4
第一套
从狩猎采集到农耕的演变
几万年前，人类从狩猎采集转向种植，历史学家对发生这种转变的原因有很多争论。
1. 随着人口的增长，狩猎采集的食物已经不足以满足人们的需求，因此，人们逐渐开始进行谷物种植。
2. 随着气候变化，人们可以捕获和采集到的食物大大减少，为了满足生存，人们不得不想办法获得更多食物。
第二套
商业网络
指企业、组织或个体之间，基于业务合作、资源共享、信息交流等目的，所形成的一种动态的、相互关联的关系体系。
这种关系的好处是：
1. 有助于实现资源的共享和互补。
2. 彼此之间可以进行信息交流，把握机遇。
以上回忆可能有偏差，仅供参考，欢迎大家补充~
4.写作
Writing
第一套 - 综合写作
Eriel Canal
阅读部分：
The Erie Canal, built in the early nineteenth century, is an artificial waterway over300 miles long. It connects the Hudson River north of New York City to the interior of the United States. The canal opened up water transport from much of the Midwest all the way to the East Coast of the United States. However, before its construction, many critics doubted that the project would be successful There seemed to be too many challenges.
The first challenge was the local terrain and landscape. The canal had to be dug out and built through areas that would make construction difficult. There were many forests, and clearing a channel through a forest required a slow process of using saws to cut down trees and then axes to chop out the tree stumps and roots that remained. In addition, another challenge was that the canal would also pass through wetlands, in which workers might fall ill from malaria, a disease caused by mosquitoes.
The second challenge was a lack of workers. The entire United States at that time had a relatively small population. The massive construction of a canal would require many thousands of workers, which opponents of the canal said the country would not be able to supply.
Finally, critics argued that the Erie Canal would not yield enough benefits to justify its high cost. The main purpose of the canal was to facilitate commerce between the coast and the interior of the United States. However, at the time there were simply not very many people who lived or wanted to settle in the Midwest, so there wasn't that much in the way of goods produced there to be sent back to the coast.
听力部分：
反驳阅读观点。
The Erie canal was built and was successful. Here's how the challenges described in the reading were overcome.
First, dealing with clearing the trees and the concerns about malaria. Let's start with the trees. To deal with them, some very useful devices were invented, for example, to pull tree stumps with roots out of the ground. The tree stump was attached with chains to a device called a stump puller. A team of strong animals like oxen then pulled this device, which then pulled the stump out of the ground, greatly reducing the amount of manual labor involved.
As for the dangers posed by the wetlands, workers simply waited until winter to dig through these regions. Why winter? That was because mosquitoes that cause malaria are not active at that time. Second, getting enough workers, well, thousands of immigrants from Europe arrived in the United States just around the time construction was to start. These new immigrants wanted jobs and were willing to take on the difficult work of digging the canal. So by a lucky coincidence, there was a sufficient number of workers for the construction.
Lastly, the critics, as you read, argued that there were not enough people in the interior of the United States to generate enough trade. However, there was a reason why not many people lived in the interior. It was difficult to get there and costly to ship goods back. That all changed with the completion of the Erie canal. The travel time for new settlers to get to the Midwest decreased from six weeks to six days. And as to the cost of shipping products from the interior back to the east coast, what had cost $100 to ship over land was reduced to only $10 by way of the waterways.
学术讨论
Your professor is teaching a class on sociology. Write a post responding to the professor's question.
In your response, you should do the following：
- Express and support your opinion.
- Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.
Dr. Diaz:
Today, we will examine what economists call incentives-the motivations that lead people to make certain choices. Cost is a major category of economic incentives. People tend to change their behavior when a particular choice gets more expensive. Let's discuss an example. Some economists argue that a good way to reduce air pollution is for governments to raise the cost (through taxes or other means) of fuel for cars. Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?
Andrew:
I think it would be a good idea to raise fuel prices. Making it more expensive to drive cars would cause many people to choose public transportation or use bicycles instead. In my city, they've just added bicycle lanes to all of the major roads. So, it would be easy to give up driving.
Kelly:
I disagree. Why should individuals be punished with such an added expense in their daily lives? The argument for a consumer fuel tax makes the assumption that cars are the biggest source of air pollution, and we need to question if that's an accurate assumption.
第二套 - 综合写作
基础设施建设是否应该私有化
阅读部分：
Traditionally, infrastructure in the United States-including bridges, highways, electrical grids and water systems has been controlled by city and state governments. States and cities maintain the infrastructure through money obtained from tolls and usage fees. However, with increasing frequency, governments are selling or leasing the infrastructure and the right to collect revenue from it to, private companies. Supporters of privatization of infrastructure argue that it can result in several benefits.
First, by selling infrastructure, city or state governments can quickly raise large amounts of money. For example, the city of Chicago made $2 billion by leasing the Chicago Skyway, a toll road, to a private company for 99 years. The money from the lease allowed Chicago to immediately address issues that would have otherwise gone unfunded, from balancing the budget to improving public schools.
Second, private companies will maintain the condition of infrastructure better than cities or states do. City and state politicians tend to spend tax money on projects that will get them votes. Building new things or supporting new services is more attractive to voters than the almost invisible maintenance of infrastructure, like bridge or water system repair, which is why city- or state-owned infrastructure is often poorly maintained. Private operators, however, are in the business of running the infrastructure successfully, so it is in their best interest to maintain the long-term health of the infrastructure.
Third, private firms are likely to introduce new technologies that will make infrastructure operate better and more efficiently. Private companies have an interest in making the financial investment in new technologies that will ultimately pay off with cost-saving efficiencies, and hence profit, Government burcaucracies have no such incentive, and as a result, many new technologies go unimplemented.
听力部分：
反驳阅读观点。
Infrastructure Privatization is a bad idea. Governments that sell their infrastructure are making short sighted decisions first by selling or leasing infrastructure.
Governments are actually losing money in the long term. Now, it's true that the city of Chicago took in a huge amount of cash when at least its toll road. But the city also gave up the right to collect tolls for the next 99 years. The amount of money the government would have collected from the tolls would have exceeded the amount of money it made from the sale. The government took in a large sum of money all at once, but it could have earned even more if it had just held on to the road.
Second, it's not a sure thing that private operators will do a good job maintaining infrastructure. The priority of private companies is to generate a short term profit for their owners and investors. Money spent on maintenance reduces short term profits, so companies often avoid or postpone spending money on it. For example, one private company in the southern United States bought a city water system, but it was so determined to make a quick profit that it let the condition of the water system completely deteriorate.
In the end, the city government had to take the water system back to repair it. Third, there is no strong motivation for a private company to invest in new technology to make operations more modern and efficient. The reason is that there is no competition. A city has only one water system, only one electrical service grid. So when a private company controls a piece of infrastructure, it has a virtual monopoly. Because there is no alternative provider the consumers can choose from, there isn't much pressure on the private company to improve the service at all.
学术讨论
Your professor is teaching a class on sociology. Write a post responding to the professor's question.
In your response, you should do the following：
- Express and support your opinion.
- Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.
Dr. Achebe：
This semester, we are studying how children learn and what influences their cognitive development. We know that children are affected both positively and negatively by what they see and hear. Many parents allow their children to watch entertaining or educational videos on devices like smartphones or tablets. Overall, do you think watching a lot of online videos is harmful to children? Why or why not?
Andrew：
I think watching online videos is harmful to children, Children under two years old need to develop communication skills by interacting with other people; passively watching videos exposes them to language, but it's not the same. Also, even for older children, sitting and staring at a device means they are not moving and exercising.
Claire：
I agree with Andrew that very young children who are learning to communicate should not watch a lot of videos, However, for children who are past that stage, videos can be great. Lots of kids videos are about animals and nature, Most kids will never see a whale in its natural environment, but online, they can learn all about whales.
第三套 - 综合写作
如何控制false bamboo传播的方法
阅读部分：
1. 挖根。
2. 用农药。
3. 引入它的天敌新物种。
听力部分：
反驳阅读观点。
1. 挖根耗时耗力，挖不净还会再长出来。
2. 需要大量花费，政府不愿负担这笔费用。
3. 天敌物种只适合在温暖湿润的地方，false bamboo所在地不适合它们生长。
学术讨论
Your professor is teaching a class on sociology. Write a post responding to the professor's question.
In your response, you should do the following：
- Express and support your opinion.
- Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.
Dr. Diaz:
One traditional method of classroom instruction is lecturing. Lecturing involves the teacher talking about a topic for an extended period of time and expecting students to learn by listening attentively. Today, some educators believe that teachers should limit how much time they spend lecturing and instead teach by encouraging in-class discussions and having students work in groups. However, some teachers still teach primarily by lecturing. Do you believe lecturing is an effective teaching method? Why or why not?
Claire:
I think lecturing can be effective. Some teachers can explain even complex concepts by telling interesting stories and by providing memorable examples. When teachers lecture in an entertaining way, students enjoy attending class and feel motivated to learn. Whether a teacher's lectures are effective depends on the teacher.
Paul:
In my opinion, lecturing is mainly ineffective because a teacher who only gives lectures can't know what's going on in students' minds. When a teacher lectures and students are just required to sit there, the teacher can't really check if students understand the lecture. Students have to contribute somehow to show whether or not they are learning.
以上回忆可能有偏差，仅供参考，欢迎大家补充~
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